VOLUME TEN OF THE CCS SECURITY SOURCE LIBRARY™
by Raymond Lavas
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Table of Contents
1. ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE PROPAGATION 1-1
I) WAVE PROPAGATION OVERVIEW 1-3
A) INVISIBLE FIELDS OF FORCE...................................................... 1-3
1) Antenna as Interface........................................................................ 1-3
B)DISCOVERY OF ELECTROMAGNETISM ..................................1-4
1) Nicola Tesla ....................................................................................1-4
2) J.P. Morgan, Edison, Tesla, and Maxwell..................................1-4
3) Hertz, and Marconi ........................................................................ 1-5
II) ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES AND THE SPEED OF LIGHT ..........1-5
A) DIMENSIONAL REFERENCE....................................... 1-5
B)OSCILLATIONS AND THE OSCILLOSCOPE........................... 1-6
C)RADIO FREQUENCY OSCILLATIONS ................................ 1-8
1) Modulation ............................................... 1-8
2) Carrier ................................................... 1-9
III) RADIO BROADCAST SIGNALS ............................. 1-9
A) REVIEW ................................................... 1-9
B)MEASURING SIGNAL PARAMETERS ............................... 1-10
1) Frequency .................................................1-10
2) Amplitude of the Voltage .................................. 1-11
3) Defining Power........................................... 1-12
4) Reliance on the value of Impedance ........................ 1-12
IV) THE LOAD. .............................................1-13
A) A COMPARISON IN PERFORMED WORK ............................. 1-13
B)REVIEW ....................................................1-14
V) THE DECIBEL ............................................1-15
A) TWO TYPES OFDECIBELS ......................................1-15
1) The Radio Frequency Decibel ................................1-15
2) The Ordinary Decibel ...................................... 1-15
B)THE REFERENCE LEVEL .........................................1-15
1) Soonches – a theoretical unit of measurement.............. 1-16
C)A CHANGE IN SIGNAL LEVELS .................................. 1-16
D) POWER GAIN FORMULA......................................... 1-16
VI) WAVELENGTH ........................................... 1-17
A) ANTENNA SIZES ............................................1-17
B)ANTENNAS RESONATE .......................................... 1-18
C)CALCULATING PHYSICAL DIMENSIONS OF AN ANTENNA ................1-19
D) DAMAGE CAUSED BY POOR MATCHING .............................. 1-19
E) TUNED ANTENNAS ALSO RECEIVE WELL.............................. 1-20
F)REVIEW ..................................................... 1-20
VII) POLARIZATION . ...................................... 1-21
A) DIRECTION OF TRAVEL... .................................... 1-22
B)POLARIZED MICROWAVE FREQUENCIES............................ . 1-22
C)PHASE........................................... ........... 1-23
D) PHASE DIFFERENCES............... .......................... 1-24
VIII) THE DOPPLER EFFECT .... ............................ 1-24
A) DISCOVERY..................... .............................1-24
B)REASON FOR DOPPLER EFFECT ......... .........................1-25
C)DOPPLER EFFECT AT LIGHT FREQUENCIES ........................ 1-25
IX) PENETRATION, ABSORPTION, AND REFLECTION............... 1-26
A) RADIO TRANSMISSION NOT EASY ............................... 1-26
B)DEFINITION.................................................. 1-26
C)RADIO BANDS DEFINED .............. ........................... 1-27
D) HOW RF SIGNALS PENETRATE ........ ......................... 1-27
E) PENETRATION CAPABILITY OF MICROWAVE.... .................... 1-28
F)ADVANTAGES OF USING HIGH FREQUENCY. ........................ 1-28
X) TRANSMISSION LINES ................ ................... 1-29
A) SIGNAL PROPAGATION THROUGH TRANSMISSION LINES... ............ 1-29
B)ANTENNA CABLES....................... ...................... 1-30
C)ANTENNA CABLE PROBLEMS ....... ............................. 1-30
D) CABLE OVERLENGTHS ........ ................................. 1-31
XI) CURRENT FEEDS........ ................................ 1-31
A) SIGNAL AND POWER PATHS......... ........................... 1-32
B)RADIO SIGNAL PATH ISDIFFERENT......... ..................... 1-33
XII) RELATIVE FIELD STRENGTH....... .......................1-35
A) ITS ALL RELATIVE .............. ........................... 1-35
B)THE FIELD IS ALSO RELATIVE.......... ........................ 1-35
C)THE NEAR FIELD DEFINED ..................... ................ 1-36
D) THE NEAR FIELD AS A SOURCE OF PROBLEMS .................. .. 1-36
E) OPERATION OF A REPEATER SYSTEM....... ..................... 1-37
XIII) STANDING WAVE RATIO......... ........................1-38
A) DEFINITION ......................... .......................1-38
B)HOOKING UP SWR METERS........................................ 1-39
C)MAKING TWO MEASUREMENTS ............ ........................ 1-40
D) TUNING ANTENNA SYSTEMS.................................... 1-40
E) HOOKING UP SWR METERS TO TUNE ANTENNAS .... .................. 1-41
F) FURTHER UNDERSTANDING OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE PROPAGATION.... 1-41
REFERENCES:............................ .......................1-42
2. ANTENNA FUNDAMENTALS............... ....................... 2-1
I) OVERVIEW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES..................... 2-3
A) RADIATION WAVELENGTHS ................. .................... 2-3
B)THE COMPLETE ANTENNA SYSTEM ................................ 2-3
1) Matching devices..................... ..................... 2-4
C)BANDWIDTH AND SWR ..................... ..................... 2-5
XII) PATTERN AND LOBES.......... ......................... 2-6
A) OVERVIEW .................... ............................. 2-6
B)THE EDGE OF A RADIATION FIELD... ............................. 2-6
1) The Angle of Radiation........ ............................ 2-6
2) Radiation patterns ....... ................................ 2-7
3) Radiation Lobes ............ .............................. 2-8
C)SKY WAVES AND GROUND WAVES ... ............................... 2-9
1) Sky Waves Radiation ........... ........................... 2-9
2) Reflection .......................... ..................... 2-10
D) GROUNDWAVES.......................... ......................2-11
1) Factors affecting ground wave transmission ............... 2-12
2) Correcting for best ground plane conditions .. ............ 2-12
III) ANTENNA IMPEDANCE............. ...................... 2-13
A) OVERVIEW ....................... .......................... 2-13
1) Antenna Resonance ................ ........................ 2-13
2) The law of reciprocity ................. .................. 2-14
IV) GAIN AND DIRECTIVITY .......... ...................... 2-14
A) POINT SOURCE DEFINITION............... .................... 2-14
1) -3 dB Level Point.......................................... 2-16
2) Power Gain as a quantifying value of an antenna. ...........2-16
3) Omnidirectional qualities of an antenna........... ........ 2-17
B)REAL WORLD ANTENNA PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENTS....... .............2-17
C)MEASURING HIGH POWER LEVELS................................. 2-19
1) Review .................................................... 2-19
2) Mechanical antenna adjustment.............................. 2-19
D) ANTENNA SPECIFICATIONS .................................... 2-20
V) ANTENNA TYPES AND COVERAGE............................. 2-20
A) PIONEERS OF ANTENNA DESIGN ................................. 2-20
1) Two types of "Omnidirectional" antennas... ................ 2-21
B)ADDITIONAL ELEMENTS ARE INTRODUCED......................... 2-22
VI) OMNIDIRECTIONAL ANTENNAS............................. 2-22
A) PRACTICAL OMNIDIRECTIONAL ANTENNAS ....................... 2-22
1) Unity Gain Antenna.................. .......................2-23
VII) HERTZ ANTENNA SYSTEM................................. 2-23
A) THEORY OF OPERATION ...... ................................ 2-23
B)DIPOLE ANTENNA ELEMENTS......... ............................ 2-24
B)HERTZ ANTENNA RADIATION PATTERN... ......................... 2-26
VIII) MARCONI ANTENNA SYSTEM ......... ....................2-27
A)MARCONI ANTENNA THEORY OF OPERATION ... ..................... 2-27
1) Marconi Antenna Radiation Pattern .... .................... 2-28
IX) ANTENNA BANDWIDTH AND ARRAYS........ ................. 2-29
A) ANTENNA BANDWIDTH ......... ............................... 2-29
B)ANTENNA ARRAYS................... .......................... 2-29
C)MUTUAL IMPEDANCE IN ARRAYS.......... ....................... 2-30
REFERENCES:......................... ..........................2-32
3. DIRECTIONAL ANTENNAS.................. .................... 3-1
I) DIRECTIONAL ANTENNA SYSTEMS ........ .................. 3-3
A) DIRECTIVITY REVIEWED .................. ................... 3-3
B)MATHEMATICAL CONSIDERATIONS........... ...................... 3-3
C)ANGLE OF RECEPTION VERSES GAIN........ ......................3-4
D) REVIEW OF GAIN, INTRODUCTION TO ERP. ...................... 3-6
E) CALCULATING ERPFROM AN ISOTROPIC SOURCE....... ..............3-6
F)CALCULATING DIRECTIVITY GAIN AND POWER GAIN.... ...............3-7
G) ANTENNA APERTURES ......................................... 3-9
III) DIRECTIONAL ANTENNA DESIGN – A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 3-9
LOOP ANTENNAS................................................. 3-12
A) FULL WAVE LOOP.............................................. 3-12
B)SMALL LOOP .................. .............................. 3-13
C)HALF WAVELENGTH LOOP ....... ................................ 3-14
D) QUAD LOOP.............................................. ....3-16
IV) PHASED ARRAY........... .............................. 3-17
A) DEFINITION .................. ..............................3-17
B)DUAL ELEMENT ARRAY...... ................................... 3-18
V) THE ADCOCK ARRAY ......... ............................ 3-20
A) GONIOMETER ASSISTED ADCOCK ..... ............................3-20
B)MODERN ADCOCK DESIGN.............. .......................... 3-22
C)PHASE CANCELING ANALYZED .. ...................................3-23
VI) YAGI ANTENNAS....................................... . 3-26
A) YAGI DESIGN IS POPULAR..................................... 3-26
B)MULTI-ELEMENT DESIGN ........................................ 3-26
C)DIRECTIVITY .......... ..................................... 3-27
D) COUPLING TO A YAGI ANTENNA .. ...............................3-27
E) TWO ELEMENT YAGI ANTENNA........ ............................3-28
F)GAIN VS DIRECTIVITY OF A YAGI ANTENNA ..................... 3-30
G) CALCULATING YAGI ANTENNA ELEMENT DETAILS ...................3-30
H) CALCULATING THE ELEMENT DETAILS OF A SIX-ELEMENT YAGI ANTENNA 3-32
VII) LOG PERIODIC ANTENNAS... ............................ 3-33
A) A YAGI ANTENNA LOOK ALIKE .... ............................ 3-33
B)ALL ELEMENTS ARE FED........ .................................3-34
C)USAGE OF A LOG PERIODIC ANTENNA....... .......................3-35
VIII) MULTIPLE UNIT STEERABLE ANTENNA (MUSA)........... ...3-35
A) IMPROVED LONG DISTANCE RECEPTION ........ ................. 3-35
B)RECEIVER CIRCUITRY ENHANCES MUSA SYSTEM ....... ............ 3-37
IX) WULLENWEBER ARRAY ................ ................... 3-39
A)MULTIPLE UNITS IN A CIRCULAR PATTERN... ...... ...............3-39
B)LARGE DIAMETER ARRAY............... ......................... 3-40
C)MODERN WULLENWEBER ARRAY. ................................... 3-41
X) PARABOLIC REFLECTORS... ............................... 3-42
A) RADAR ANTENNAS........... .................................. 3-42
B)REFLECTORS AND THE PARABOLA...... ............. .............3-42
REFERENCES:......................... ..........................3-45
4. DIRECTION FINDING........ ................................. 4-1
I) GENERAL PRINCIPLES ..................... .............. 4-3
A) ESTIMATING DISTANCE FROM THE SOURCE ..... ................. 4-3
B)A-PRIORY INFORMATION.............. ......................... 4-4
C)UNKNOWN TYPE OF SIGNAL SOURCE ........ ......................4-5
D) LOCAL OBSTRUCTIONS ................... ..................... 4-7
II) TRIANGULATION CONCEPT................................. 4-9
A)MULTIPLE RDF SITES ................ ........................ 4-9
B)POSITIONING PARAMETERS ..................... ............... 4-9
C)MOTION IN RECEIVERS AND TRANSMITTERS....... ................ 4-10
III) PLOTTING RECEPTION PARAMETERS....................... 4-11
IV) BASIC FIELD VECTOR EQUATIONS ............................ 4-12
A) EQUIPHASE FRONT........................... ................. 4-14
B) INTERACTIONS WITH A DIPOLE................................ 4-14
V) SIMULTANEOUS PHASE MEASUREMENTS....................... 4-17
A) GONIOMETER DF SYSTEMS..................................... 4-22
B)SCANNING THE VECTOR FIELD ................................. 4-24
C)SEQUENTIAL PHASE METHOD (DOPPLER SHIFT DIRECTION FINDING)... 4-25
D) ELECTRONIC ADCOCK ANTENNA ROTATION......................... 4-28
VI) FIELD STRENGTH CONSIDERATIONS........................ 4-28
A)MULTIPLE RDF RECEIVERS ..................................... 4-29
B)ESTABLISHED INITIAL CONDITIONS ............................ 4-30
VII) REFLECTION AND ABSORPTION CONSIDERATIONS ........... 4-30
A) ATMOSPHERIC LAYERS ........... ............................. 4-31
B)UNEVEN TERRAIN .................................. .......... 4-31
C)TALL MAN-MADE OBJECTS ..... ................................. 4-32
VIII) STATISTICAL AVERAGING SYSTEMS ..................... 4-33
A) SOURCE OF ERROR READINGS ................................. 4-33
B)WEIGHTING FACTORS........ .................................. 4-34
C)ERROR PROBABILITY VALUES..................................... 4-35
D)MILITARY COMPUTER RDF SYSTEMS............................... 4-37
E) FUNDAMENTAL USE OF AVERAGING......................... .... 4-38
IX) COMPUTER ASSISTED RECKONING SYSTEMS ................. 4-40
A) COMPUTER SYSTEMS IN NAVIGATION AND TELEMETRY ............... 4-41
B)SPACE-BASED TRACKING SYSTEMS................................ .4-42
REFERENCES:................................ ...................4-43
5. DEAD RECKONING SYSTEMS.................................. .. 5-1
I) VISUAL DEAD RECKONING AND SMART CRUISE MISSILES....... 5-3
A) VISUAL RECOGNITION FEATURES ... ........................... 5-4
B)TERRAIN COMPARISON FEATURES ............................... 5-5
C)COURSE CHANGING FEATURE........ ............................. 5-5
II) LORAN-C RADIONAVIGATION ... .......................... 5-6
A) OVERVIEW OF THE SYSTEM......... ........................... 5-6
B)PRESENT USAGE ............... ................................5-7
C)LORAN SYSTEM REFINEMENTS......... ........................... 5-7
D) SYSTEM OPERATION............................. ............. 5-8
E) LORAN-C USED FOR REFERENCE AND OTHER PURPOSES. .... ............5-9
F) FUTURE PROSPECTS FOR LORAN-C .... .......................... 5-9
G) FAA USAGE OF THE SYSTEM .......... ......................... 5-10
III) OMEGA RADIONAVIGATION........... .................... 5-10
A) HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE...... ...............................5-10
B) OMEGA SYSTEM OVERVIEW....... ............................... 5-10
C)SIMILARITIES TO LORAN-C................ .................... 5-12
D) ACCURACY OF OMEGA.......................................... 5-12
IV) ACTIVE RADAR TRANSPONDERS......... ....................5-13
A) TRANSPONDERS VERSES REPEATERS ....... ....................... 5-13
B)DEAD RECKONING TRANSPONDERS........... ...................... 5-14
V) GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS) ... ................... 5-16
A) SYSTEM OVERVIEW................. .......................... 5-16
B)SPACE BASED SEGMENT...................... .................. 5-17
C)CONTROLSEGMENT.................... ......................... 5-18
D) END USER SEGMENT ........................................... 5-18
E) TWO LEVELS OF GPS ACCURACY................................. 5-19
F) STANDARD GPS RECEIVER PACKAGES............ ................ 5-19
1) SPS Commercial Circuit Board Assemblies........... ........ 5-20
2) SPS Land And Sea Portable (Hand Held) and Navigation Units 5-22
G)MILITARY USES OF GPS SYSTEMS................................. 5-26
VI) DIFFERENTIAL GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM..... ...........5-26
A) HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE................... ................. 5-26
B)DIFFERENTIALCORRECTION FACTOR................ .............. 5-27
C)MARITIME BEACON SIGNAL CHANGES................... ........... 5-28
D) DGPS RADIO BEACON SITES INCORPORATED INTO THE SYSTEM......... 5-29
E) DGPS VERIFIES SATELLITE INTEGRITY................ ........... 5-30
F)DGPS FOR USE IN AVIATION ................................... 5-31
G) AIRCRAFT LANDINGS WITHOUT HUMAN PARTICIPATION .. ............5-32
6. PERSONNEL TRACKING........................ ................ 6-1
I) PERSONAL EMERGENCY RESPONSE SYSTEMS...... . ............6-3
A) SYSTEM OVERVIEW ............... ........................... 6-3
B)SYSTEM MAKE UP............... ................................6-3
C)DIFFERENT TYPES OF SERVICE .. .............................. 6-4
D) THE HELP BUTTON........................ .................... 6-4
1) Using the help buttons in the bathtub.... ................. 6-5
2) System delays ........................ .....................6-5
E) COMPANIES SELLING THE SYSTEM .... ......................... 6-6
1) Response Centers ................ ......................... 6-6
2) Use By Security Personnel .......... ...................... 6-6
II) KIDNAPING RECOVERY SYSTEMS............ ............... 6-7
A) A NEW APPLICATION FOR AN OLD IDEA . ....................... 6-7
B)THE PORTABLE TRACKING SOLUTION .. ........................... 6-8
C)GS TACK TRACK-1 GKR SYSTEM............ ...................... 6-9
D) EXOTIC PETT TRACKING DEVICES .......... .................... 6-10
1) Subminiature Tracking Beacon...... ........................ 6-10
2) Rumored Secret Tracking Devices ........................... 6-13
E) SUBCUTANEOUS TRACKING IMPLANTS (IMPLANTEDUNDER THE SKIN) .. 6-15
1) First Patent To Reveal Implant Technology.. ............... 6-15
2) Proposed Advancements and Usages........... ............... 6-16
3) A Good Idea But Not Practical Yet ............ .............6-16
4) Introduction to the mysterious Sky-Eye chip .. ............ 6-17
5) The Digital Angel is born................................... 6-18
6) Digital Angel will work, but not as an implant ............ 6-20
III) OFFENDER MONITORING.............. ................... 6-21
A) SYSTEM OVERVIEW ................. ......................... 6-21
1) Tracking offenders released into society................... 6-21
2) An Electronic Solution ............. ...................... 6-21
B)RESTRAINING ORDERS AND ELECTRONIC MONITORING........ ......... 6-22
1) Effectiveness of Offender Monitoring...... .................6-23
2) Electronic Corral Systems............... .................. 6-24
3) Defensive Monitoring Systems ................. ........... .6-24
4) Monitoring and Reporting Centers ..... .....................6-24
C)RESTRICTED APPLICATIONS ............... .................... 6-25
D) POSSIBLE FUTURE STRATEGIES IN OFFENDER MONITORING... ....... 6-25
1) Subcutaneous ID Implants For Animals... ................... 6-25
2) System Make Up.................... .........................6-27
3) Implant Used To Monitor Offender................ ...........6-28
IV) WILDLIFE RESEARCH..................................... 6-28
A) IMPLANTS FOR USE IN IDENTIFYING LOST OR STOLEN ANIMALS...... 6-28
B)USE IN FISHERIES ..... ...................................... 6-29
C)USE ON THE CATTLE FARM................... ....................6-29
D)MONITORING AND TRACKING ENDANGERED SPECIES.... ...............6-29
E) OTHER DEVICES ALSO USED TO TRACK ANIMALS...................... 6-30
F) SATELLITE TRACKING COLLARS .......... ...................... 6-30
V) RESCUE BEACONS ................... .................... 6-31
A) DOWNED AIRCRAFT BEACONS ............... ................... 6-31
1) Military rescue beacons ............... ................... 6-31
2) AN/PRC-112 (military) ............. ....................... 6-32
3) AN/GPS-112 Search And Rescue Handheld Transceiver (Military)6-33
B)CIVILIAN SEARCH AND RESCUE BEACONS ... ...................... 6-36
1) ELT Beacons ..................... ......................... 6-36
2) Tracking and locating ELT Beacons ....... ................. 6-37
3) Emergency Position Indicating Radiobeacon System .... ..... 6-37
4) DGPS Beacons ..................... ........................ 6-39
IV) CELLULAR EMERGENCY SYSTEM (911) ..................... 6-40
A) BASIC CELLULAR SYSTEM ................................ ..... 6-40
1) MTSO....................................................... 6-40
2) Many Cellular Channels ............ ....................... 6-41
2) Cellular Channel Hand Off... .............................. 6-42
B)MOBILE ORIGINATED CALLS........... .......................... 6-43
C)LAND LINE ORIGINATED CALLS .......... ....................... 6-44
D) ROAMING ...................... ............................ 6-45
1) Placing calls while roaming........ ....................... 6-45
2) Having callers reach you while you are roaming ........ ....6-45
3) Automatic Call Delivery............ ....................... 6-46
E)MAIN SWITCHING COMPONENT............................. .........6-46
1) Theoretically Tracking and Locating a 911 Cellular Call ....6-47
F) U.S. GOVERNMENT MANDATES THE TRACKING OF CELLULAR PHONES.... 6-48
1) Federal Communication Commission Rules For The Industry.... 6-48
2) GPS Tracking of Cellular Phones Proposed. ................. 6-50
3) True Position_ Is Born.......... .......................... 6-51
4) Future of Cell Phone Tracking.............. ............... 6-52
7. TAGGED OBJECTS AND SUBSTANCES ............................. 7-1
I) MAIL SORTING CODES ............... .................... 7-3
A) SYSTEM OVERVIEW (POSTNET).................................. 7-3
C)SAMPLE ZIP CODE FIELD TYPES.................................. 7-4
II) THEFT CONTROL RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION SYSTEMS...7-6
A) SYSTEM OVERVIEW......................... .................. 7-6
1) Active Transponders. ..... .................................7-7
2) Passive Transponders ..................................... 7-7
3) Four Standards...... ...................................... 7-8
B)APPLICATIONS USING RFID ................................... 7-10
1) Aircraft identification ................................... 7-10
2) Railcar and shipping container identification ............. 7-10
3) Toll Road Control .... .................................... 7-11
4) Access Control ........ ................................... 7-12
5) Electronic Vehicle Keys ................................... 7-13
6) RFID Tag Sizes ............................................ 7-13
7) Vehicle Tags. ..............................................7-14
8) Credit Card Style Tags .................................... 7-15
C)ELECTRONIC ARTICLE SURVEILLANCE ............................ 7-16
1) System Overview ....... ................................... 7-16
2) Plastic Tags (Removable) .................................. 7-17
3) Label Tags (Proximity Deactivation) ....................... 7-19
4) Source Tagging ........................................... 7-20
5) Tag Detectors . ........................................... 7-21
6) Benefit Denial Tags ...................................... 7-22
D) INFORMATION TRACKING ...................................... 7-23
1) Next-Generation Tags (Smart Tags) ........................ 7-23
2) Personal Area Networks (Near-Field Intrabody Communication) 7-23
3) Applications using PAN . .................................. 7-24
III) BAR CODE SYSTEM...... ............................... 7-25
A) SYSTEM OVERVIEW.... ....................................... 7-25
1) Bar Code Symbols .. ....................................... 7-25
2) Bar Code Scanners.... ..................................... 7-26
B)BAR CODE SYMBOLOGIES... .................................... 7-28
C)BAR CODE STANDARDS....... .................................. 7-29
D) UPC, EAN, JAN, BOOKLAND, ISSN ............................. 7-31
E) CODE 39 ...................... ............................ 7-33
F) INTERLEAVE2 OF 5............... ........................... 7-34
G) CODE 128 ,CODE 93, AND OTHER CODES ........................ 7-35
1) Code 128............ .......................................7-35
2) Code 93 ............ .......................................7-35
3) Codabar & MSI-Plessey... .................................. 7-35
H) PRINTING BAR CODES .. ..................................... 7-36
IV) MAGNETIC STRIPE SYSTEMS ............................. 7-36
A) SYSTEM OVERVIEW........ ................................... 7-36
B)MAGNETIC STRIPE CARDS.. ..................................... 7-37
C)MAGNETIC STRIPE READERS. .................................... 7-39
D)MAGNETIC STRIPE STANDARDS AND ISO ......................... 7-40
E) ENVIRONMENT AND USAGE OF MAGSTRIPE. ....................... 7-40
F) SECURITY ISSUES OF MAGSTRIPE TECHNOLOGY ................... 7-41
V) NEGOTIABLES CONTROL ....................................... 7-42
A) U.S. CURRENCY . ........................................... 7-42
B)SECURITY FEATURES IN U.S. AND OTHER CURRENCY .................7-42
1) Security Thread...... ..................................... 7-43
2) Concentric Fine-Line Printing. ............................ 7-44
3) Watermark Portrait...... .................................. 7-44
4) Color Shifting Ink.. ...................................... 7-44
5) Microprinting ... ......................................... 7-45
6) Serial Numbers. ........................................... 7-45
7) U.S. Federal Reserve Seal... .............................. 7-45
V) MICROTAGGANTS AND EXPLOSIVES TRACKING................ ..7-46
A) SYSTEM OVERVIEW....... .................................... 7-46
B)APPLICATIONS FOR MICROTAGGANTS. .............................7-47
C)EXPLOSIVES TRACKING .... ................................... 7-48
VI) STRESS DETECTION TAGGING ......................... ... 7-48
A) SYSTEM OVERVIEW...... ..................................... 7-48
B)TAG TYPES ........ ......................................... 7-49
C)TRIP STEEL.... ..............................................7-50
8. VEHICULAR TRACKING..... ................................... 8-1
I) AUTOMOTIVE NAVIGATION.. ............................... 8-4
A) ON-BOARD NAVIGATION SYSTEMS ............................... 8-4
B)SYSTEM OVERVIEW......... ................................... 8-4
C)ETAK AND SKYMAP DATABASES .................................. 8-5
D) CARIN NAVIGATION SYSTEM .................................. 8-7
E) ONSTAR /GUIDESTAR ... ..................................... 8-8
F)OTHER COMPANIES OFFERING NAVIGATION............ ............ 8-9
II) VEHICULAR SECURITY AND RESCUE. ....................... 8-10
A) LOJACK STOLEN VEHICLE RECOVERY.. .......................... 8-10
1) Operating Principle ....................................... 8-12
2) Worldwide Application.. ................................... 8-12
B)PROACT SYSTEM STOLEN VEHICLE RECOVERY ..................... 8-13
1) Remote Command Transmitter (RCT) .......................... 8-14
2) PROACT Tracking Unit ............ ......................... 8-14
3) Mobile Tracking Receiver........... ....................... 8-15
C) OTHER GPS NAVIGATIONAND RESCUE UNITS. ..................... 8-16
1) ON Guard®.............. ................................... 8-16
2) TELEMATICS Systems.. ...................................... 8-16
3) MayDay System..... ........................................ 8-16
4) Alpine System ..... ....................................... 8-17
III) FLEET MANAGEMENT.. .................................. 8-18
A) CCS FVTS XI FLEET VEHICLE TRACKING SYSTEM.. ................ 8-18
1) Two Basic Fleet Vehicle Tracking System. .................. 8-18
2) Configuration One (PathMarker) ... ........................ 8-18
3) Configuration Two (SecurePath) . ...........................8-19
4) Configuration Three (Tacker) .... ..........................8-19
B)CCS FVTS MDT PORTABLE FLEET MANAGEMENT TRACKING UNIT ....... 8-20
C)TRIMBLE NAVIGATION SYSTEMS.. .................................8-20
1) CrossCheck .............. ................................. 8-21
2) Placer GPS 450/455...... .................................. 8-22
3) GPS/AVL Subsystem PSC-200 . ............................... 8-22
4) Galaxy Land or Marine...... ............................... 8-23
5) Galaxy Sentinel ... ....................................... 8-23
D) DINET INC. .......... ..................................... 8-24
1) Mobile Data Terminal. ..................................... 8-24
IV) SURVEILLANCE TRACKING. ............................... 8-25
A) COVERT TACKING ......... .................................. 8-25
B)BEACON TYPES.............. ..................................8-26
1) Simplex beacon........ .................................... 8-26
2) Dead reckoning beacons................ .................... 8-27
3) Interrogation Covert Tracking System... ................... 8-27
C)APPLICATIONS ON VEHICLES....... ............................ 8-28
1) Planting a beacon ........... ............................. 8-28
D) COVERT RF TRACKING BEACONS .... ........................... 8-29
1) Communications Control Systems ........................... 8-29
E) DIGITAL TRACKING SYSTEMS.......... ......................... 8-31
1) CCS Model CCTS-1300 Digital Tracking System . ..............8-31
F)COVERT GPS RELAY BEACONS .......... ............... .........8-33
1) Ovalsys Covert beacon system.... .......................... 8-33
2) Orion Systems— SKYTRACK...... ..............................8-35
G) DOPPLER DIRECTION FINDERS ..... ........................... 8-37
1) Orion Systems CANTRACK 4000R .. ............................8-37
2) Pegasus Technologies PT4000..... .......................... 8-38
3) Doppler Systems Series 5900 .... .......................... 8-39
4) Doppler Systems Series 6000 ..... ......................... 8-41
H)WATSON-WATT TYPE DIRECTION FINDERS ... ...................... 8-44
1) Theory of Operation..................... .................. 8-44
2) Direction Technologies Model DFR1000A. .................... 8-46
3) Direction Technologies Model DFR-2000 . ................... 8-46
4) Cubic Communications (Formerly OAR)...... ................. 8-48
5) Cubic Communication/OAR HH1307 Handheld Signal Locator . .. 8-49
6) The Cubic Communication Model 4600R .... .................. 8-50
7) The Cubic Communication Digital Receiver/Processor ....... 8-51
9. RADAR AND SONAR TRACKING SYSTEMS............. ............. 9-1
I) RADAR APPLICATIONS............... ..................... 9-3
A) HISTORY OF RADAR............. ............................. 9-3
B) HOW RADAR WORKS ............. ............................... 9-3
II) RADAR TYPES AND USES.......... ....................... 9-4
A) RADAR FREQUENCIES ................ ......................... 9-5
III) INSTANTANEOUS DIRECTION FINDING RADAR SIGNAL SOURCE. 9-6
A) THEORY AND PURPOSE OF FINDING THE SOURCE.. ................ .9-6
B)SPECIAL MICROWAVE RDF ANTENNAS ............. ................. 9-7
C)WIDE OPEN INSTANTANEOUS RADAR DIRECTION FINDING........ .....9-9
D)MULTIPLEFEED HORNS...................................... .. 9-11
E)MODERN RADAR RDF DESIGNS ........ ...........................9-12
IV) OTHER RADAR SIZES AND SHAPES ...... .................. 9-12
A) ULTRAWIDEBAND (UWB) IMPULSE RADAR... ...................... 9-12
B)UWB TRACKING LOCALIZERS .......... ......................... 9-14
C)POLICE RADARS ................... .......................... 9-15
D) RADAR MOTION DETECTORS ........... .......................... 9-15
E) AIRBORNE COMBAT RADAR ....... ............................. 9-16
F) SIDEWAYS LOOKING AIRBORNE RADAR (SLAR) ................... 9-18
G) LONG RANGE RADAR AND DISPLAY SYSTEMS. ..................... 9-19
H) APPROACH CONTROL RADAR............ ........................ 9-21
I)DOPPLER TYPE METROLOGICAL RADARS...... ..................... 9-23
J) ADVANCED WARNING AND COUNTER SURVEILLANCE RADAR (AWACS) ..... 9-25
K) PAVEPAWS LONG RANGE SURVEILLANCE RADAR .. .......... .......9-28
V) PARAMETRIC RADAR TRANSPONDERS........... .............. 9-29
A) PASSIVE RADAR TAGS AND SECRECY .... ........................9-29
B) INTRODUCTION TO FAR FIELD RFID.... ......................... 9-30
1) Active vs Passive Tags..................................... 9-30
2) Energy Conversion in Passive Transponders.. ............... 9-32
3) The Radar Equation .... ................................... 9-35
VI) INSECT TRACKING USING PARAMETRIC RADAR REFLECTORS ....9-39
VII) SONAR APPLICATIONS........... ....................... 9-40
A) OPERATING PRINCIPLES .. .................................... 9-40
B)SONAR USES.............. ................................... 9-40
C)ACTIVE SONAR........ .........................................9-41
D) PASSIVE SONAR.......... ................................... 9-42
E) PASSIVE TOWED ARRAYS.... .................................. 9-44
F) SONAR PHOTOGRAPHY ..... ................................... 9-44
REFERENCES:.............. .....................................9-46
10. OPTICAL AND BIOMETRIC SYSTEMS ............................ 10-1
I) FACIAL RECOGNITION....... ............................. 10-3
A) MIROS (TRUEFACE) ..... .................................... 10-3
B)VISONICS (FACEIT)....... ................................... 10-4
C)NEURODYNAMICS (NVISAGE). ....................................10-5
D) ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF FACIAL RECOGNITION .. ...... 10-6
II) HAND GEOMETRY ................... .................... 10-7
A) RECOGNITION SYSTEM (HANDKEY II) ... ....................... 10-8
B)NETWORKING SOFTWARE FOR THE HANDKEY II. .................... 10-10
III) IRIS RECOGNITION..................................... 10-10
A) IRIS RECOGNITION TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW . .................... 10-10
B)SENSAR IRIS RECOGNITION FOR ATMS . .......................... 10-11
C) IRISCAN SYSTEM 2100.............. .......................... 10-12
D) IRISCAN PCIRIS ................ ........................... 10-14
IV) RETINAL SCAN ............... ..........................10-15
A) EYEDENTIFY................. ............................... 10-15
V) FINGERPRINT RECOGNITION......... ...........................10-17
A) OPTICAL FINGERPRINT SCANNERS ........ ......................10-18
1) Economic Scanner Subassemblies.......... ...................10-18
2) Fingerprint Scanner Accessories for Computer Security . ... 10-20
3) Access Control Using Fingerprint Recognition . ............ 10-21
B)CAPACITIVE FINGERPRINT READERS ............ .................10-23
VI) DNA IDENTIFICATION.................................... 10-25
A) DNA EXPLAINED IN LAYMEN TERMS ........... .................. 10-25
B)FOUR ATTRIBUTING DNA COMPONENTS ..... ....................... 10-25
C)LOCUS, LOCI, AND ALLELE........... ......................... 10-26
D) FORENSIC DNA TESTING ........... .......................... 10-27
E) RFLP ANALYSIS.................. ........................... 10-27
F)PCR TEST EXPLAINED ....... ..................................10-29
G) DQ ALPHA (DQA1) .......... .................................10-30
H) THE DOT BLOT AND GENOTYPING ...... ..........................10-30
I) PORTABLE DNA ANALYSIS INSTRUMENT. .......................... 10-31
REFERENCE FOR SECTION VI: ......... ...........................10-32
11. CHEMICAL TRACKING.............. .......................... 11-1
I) TRACKING DYES AND PAINTS ....... ...................... 11-3
A) FLORESCENT DYES,AND PAINTS....... ......................... 11-3
B)FLUORESCENTTRACKING POWDER....... .......................... 11-4
1) Tracking Dyes ............... ..............................11-4
2) Invisible Fluorescent Crayons .............................11-5
3) Invisible Florescent Lacquer.. .............................11-5
4) Invisible Fluorescent Ink......... ........................ 11-5
C)COLOR CHANGING TRACKING POWDER..... ........................ 11-6
II) INFRARED TRACKING TAGS.......... .....................11-6
A) INFRARED SIGNATURE FREQUENCIES. ........................... 11-7
1) Holographic Tags That Use Chemicals. ...................... 11-7
2) Active Infrared Tracking Tags .... ........................ 11-8
III) LATENT PRINT RECOVERY ......... ..................... 11-12
A) FINGER PRINTS AND IDENTIFICATION.... ...................... 11-12
B)NINHYDRIN SOLUTIONS................ ..........................11-13
C)PROCESSING WITH NINHYDRIN ......... ..........................11-14
1) Dipping Documents....................... .................. 11-14
2) Precautions In Using Ninhydrin....... ......................11-15
D) DFO (1,8-DIAZAFLUOREN-9-ONE)........ .......................11-16
E) PHYSICAL DEVELOPER SET............... ..................... 11-17
F) SPRINT - FLUORESCENT SMALL PARTICLE REAGENT . ...............11-18
1) Formula 1.......................... ....................... 11-19
2) Formula 2...................... ........................... 11-19
G) ARDOX FLUORESCENT DYE SPRAY...... ...........................11-19
H) CYANOCRYALATE FUMING .......... ........................... 11-20
1) Heat Based Fuming Method........ .......................... 11-20
2) Vacuum Chamber Method of Fuming. .......................... 11-21
I) FORENSIC LIGHT SOURCE EXAMINATION OF LATENT FINGERPRINT.. 11-21
IV) BLOODHOUNDS AND SCENT TRACKING ........ .............. 11-24
A) SCENTS AND PHEROMONES................ ..................... 11-24
B)HISTORICAL BACKGROUND......... .............................. 11-24
C)TACKING AND TRAILING ........... ........................... 11-25
1) Air scenting ............... .............................. 11-25
2) Negative trails ............. ............................. 11-25
3) Scent material............. ............................... 11-26
4) Visual tracking ............... ........................... 11-26
5) Cadaver (body/decomp) searches . ...........................11-26
6) Water searches ................... ........................ 11-26
7) Bloodhound evidence in the US............. ................ 11-27
V) SPY DUST, SMART DUST, AND MOLECULAR CODING. ........... 11-27
A) USE OF SPY DUST BY KGB........... ......................... 11-27
B)ALDRICH AMES ESPIONAGE CASE......... ...................... 11-28
C)HOW SPY DUSTWORKS..................... ..................... 11-28
D) SPECIFIC INFORMATION ON SPY DUST ..... .................... 11-29
E) SMART DUST............................. ................... 11-31
F)MOLECULAR BAR CODING.................... .................... 11-32
G) REMOTE IDENTIFICATION OF CODED MOLECULAR STRUCTURES.. ...... 11-33
1)Remote Polymer Identifier System .............. .............11-33
H) NANOCLUSTER TAGGING...................... ................. 11-34
VI) NARCOTICS AND EXPLOSIVES DETECTION........ ........... 11-35
A) OVERVIEW .................................................. 11-35
B)PARTICLE DETECTION .................... .................... 11-36
C)VAPOR DETECTION......................... .................... 11-38
VII) RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL DETECTION AND TRACKING.... ..... 11-39
A) EXPLORANIUM ................... ........................... 11-39
1) GR-320 enviSpec Gamma Ray Spectrometer ................... 11-39
2) GR-110 Radiation Detector ................................. 11-40
3)GPS assisted Gamma Ray Spectrometer Detector and Tracker.... 11-41
4) GR-660 Carborne System................. ....................11-42
REFERENCES:.............................. .....................11-43
12. SATELLITE SYSTEMS.......................... .............. 12-1
I) SATELLITES, SPACE STATIONS AND SPY MOVIES.... ..........12-3
A) OVERVIEW .......................... ....................... 12-3
B)DEFINITIONS OF THE GRID SYSTEM ...... ...................... 12-4
1) Grid Reference System .................... ................ 12-4
2) The Grid East and North Designation. ........ ..............12-5
3) Grid Zone Designations Military Grid Reference System .. .. 12-6
4) The Military Grid Reference ............ ...................12-6
C)MGRS APPLICATION....................... .................... 12-8
D) SPOT IMAGE GRID REFERENCE SYSTEM ..... .................... 12-8
E) THEUTM GRID SYSTEM .............. ......................... 12-10
II) ORBITAL ELEMENTS (NOMENCLATURE).. .................... 12-16
A) DEFINITIONS: .................. ............................12-16
III) ORBIT TYPES ................ .........................12-22
A) GEOSYNCHRONOUS ORBIT ........ ..............................12-24
B)MOLNIYA ORBIT................. ............................. 12-26
C)POLARORBITS.................. ...............................12-26
D) SUN-SYNCHRONOUSORBITS.......... ........................... 12-27
IV) GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITES ...... ...................... 12-29
A) GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITE DRIFT.... .......................... 12-30
B)LOW EARTHORBITS................. ........................... 12-31
V) SATELLITE TYPES (CIVILIAN USE) .. ..................... 12-32
A) SATELLITE USES................... ......................... 12-32
1) European Remote Sensing........... ........................ 12-33
2) Television Infrared Operational System........... ......... 12-33
3) Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite.. ....... 12-34
4) GOES 7 .................... ................................12-34
5) GOES 8 and 9..................... ......................... 12-35
6) Land Remote Sensing Satellite : ...... .....................12-37
7) Spot Image Satellite....................... ..... ..........12-37
VI) SPY SATELLITES (RECONNAISSANCE SATELLITES) .......... 12-38
A) REMOTE SENSING............................................ 12-39
B)REAL TIMEVIDEO IMAGE RECONNAISSANCE................. ....... 12-40
C)SATELLITE DATA SYSTEM (SDS) SATELLITES... ................... 12-41
D) TRACKING AND DATA RELAY SATELLITE SYSTEM ....... ..............12-43
E) BIG BIRD (KH-9B) ........ ................................. 12-44
1) De-Orbiting Film Capsules..... .............................12-47
E) IMPROVED CRYSTAL (KH-11B)..... .............................12-47
1) Confusion Over Nomenclature... ............................ 12-48
2) Crystal Imaging Swath........ ..............................12-51
F)LACROSSE /ONYX .............. .............................. 12-53
1) Synthetic Aperture Radar . ................................ 12-54
2) Imaging Through Backscatter. ...............................12-55
VII) SATELLITE STATION KEEPING .. ......................... 12-56
VIII) GROUND BASED TRACKING ............ ................. 12-57
A) SPACE FLIGHT TRACKING AND DATA NETWORK .................... 12-57
B)SATELLITE COMMUNICATION ANTENNAS .. ........................ 12-58
1) Military Tracking controllers .. .......................... 12-61
2) AGC (Automatic Gain Controlled).... ....................... 12-62
3) Ephemeris-controlled ............ ...... .................. 12-63
IX) SATELLITES FOR THE GPS SYSTEM.... .................... 12-63
REFERENCE: ....................... ............................12-68
THE CCS SECURITY SOURCE LIBRARY™
A TWELVE VOLUME SECURITY LIBRARY
VOL. 1 COVERT AUDIO INTERCEPTION
VOL. 2 ELECTRONIC SURVEILLANCE COUNTER–MEASURES
VOL. 3 ELECTRO-OPTICAL SURVEILLANCE
VOL. 4 VIDEO/PHOTO/OPTICAL SYSTEMS
VOL. 5 RADIO COMMUNICATIONS
VOL. 6 AUDIO SURVEILLANCE
VOL. 7 EXPLOSIVE & CONTRABAND DETECTION
VOL. 8 ARMOR
VOL. 9 VOICE STRESS ANALYSIS
VOL. 10 TRACKING & LOCATING SYSTEMS (this volume)
VOL. 11 PERSONAL PROTECTION
VOL. 12 RIOT CONTROL
I) DIRECTIONAL ANTENNA SYSTEMS ........ .................. 3-3
A) DIRECTIVITY REVIEWED .................. ................... 3-3
B)MATHEMATICAL CONSIDERATIONS........... ...................... 3-3
C)ANGLE OF RECEPTION VERSES GAIN........ ......................3-4
D) REVIEW OF GAIN, INTRODUCTION TO ERP. ...................... 3-6
E) CALCULATING ERPFROM AN ISOTROPIC SOURCE....... ..............3-6
F)CALCULATING DIRECTIVITY GAIN AND POWER GAIN.... ...............3-7
G) ANTENNA APERTURES ......................................... 3-9
III) DIRECTIONAL ANTENNA DESIGN – A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 3-9
LOOP ANTENNAS................................................. 3-12
A) FULL WAVE LOOP.............................................. 3-12
B)SMALL LOOP .................. .............................. 3-13
C)HALF WAVELENGTH LOOP ....... ................................ 3-14
D) QUAD LOOP.............................................. ....3-16
IV) PHASED ARRAY........... .............................. 3-17
A) DEFINITION .................. ..............................3-17
B)DUAL ELEMENT ARRAY...... ................................... 3-18
V) THE ADCOCK ARRAY ......... ............................ 3-20
A) GONIOMETER ASSISTED ADCOCK ..... ............................3-20
B)MODERN ADCOCK DESIGN.............. .......................... 3-22
C)PHASE CANCELING ANALYZED .. ...................................3-23
VI) YAGI ANTENNAS....................................... . 3-26
A) YAGI DESIGN IS POPULAR..................................... 3-26
B)MULTI-ELEMENT DESIGN ........................................ 3-26
C)DIRECTIVITY .......... ..................................... 3-27
D) COUPLING TO A YAGI ANTENNA .. ...............................3-27
E) TWO ELEMENT YAGI ANTENNA........ ............................3-28
F)GAIN VS DIRECTIVITY OF A YAGI ANTENNA ..................... 3-30
G) CALCULATING YAGI ANTENNA ELEMENT DETAILS ...................3-30
H) CALCULATING THE ELEMENT DETAILS OF A SIX-ELEMENT YAGI ANTENNA 3-32
VII) LOG PERIODIC ANTENNAS... ............................ 3-33
A) A YAGI ANTENNA LOOK ALIKE .... ............................ 3-33
B)ALL ELEMENTS ARE FED........ .................................3-34
C)USAGE OF A LOG PERIODIC ANTENNA....... .......................3-35
VIII) MULTIPLE UNIT STEERABLE ANTENNA (MUSA)........... ...3-35
A) IMPROVED LONG DISTANCE RECEPTION ........ ................. 3-35
B)RECEIVER CIRCUITRY ENHANCES MUSA SYSTEM ....... ............ 3-37
IX) WULLENWEBER ARRAY ................ ................... 3-39
A)MULTIPLE UNITS IN A CIRCULAR PATTERN... ...... ...............3-39
B)LARGE DIAMETER ARRAY............... ......................... 3-40
C)MODERN WULLENWEBER ARRAY. ................................... 3-41
X) PARABOLIC REFLECTORS... ............................... 3-42
A) RADAR ANTENNAS........... .................................. 3-42
B)REFLECTORS AND THE PARABOLA...... ............. .............3-42
REFERENCES:......................... ..........................3-45
A)MULTIPLE UNITS IN A CIRCULAR PATTERN... ...... ...............3-39
4. DIRECTION FINDING........ ................................. 4-1
I) GENERAL PRINCIPLES ..................... .............. 4-3
A) ESTIMATING DISTANCE FROM THE SOURCE ..... ................. 4-3
B)A-PRIORY INFORMATION.............. ......................... 4-4
C)UNKNOWN TYPE OF SIGNAL SOURCE ........ ......................4-5
D) LOCAL OBSTRUCTIONS ................... ..................... 4-7
II) TRIANGULATION CONCEPT................................. 4-9
A)MULTIPLE RDF SITES ................ ........................ 4-9
B)POSITIONING PARAMETERS ..................... ............... 4-9
C)MOTION IN RECEIVERS AND TRANSMITTERS....... ................ 4-10
III) PLOTTING RECEPTION PARAMETERS....................... 4-11
IV) BASIC FIELD VECTOR EQUATIONS ............................ 4-12
A) EQUIPHASE FRONT........................... ................. 4-14
B) INTERACTIONS WITH A DIPOLE................................ 4-14
V) SIMULTANEOUS PHASE MEASUREMENTS....................... 4-17
A) GONIOMETER DF SYSTEMS..................................... 4-22
B)SCANNING THE VECTOR FIELD ................................. 4-24
C)SEQUENTIAL PHASE METHOD (DOPPLER SHIFT DIRECTION FINDING)... 4-25
D) ELECTRONIC ADCOCK ANTENNA ROTATION......................... 4-28
VI) FIELD STRENGTH CONSIDERATIONS........................ 4-28
A)MULTIPLE RDF RECEIVERS ..................................... 4-29
B)ESTABLISHED INITIAL CONDITIONS ............................ 4-30
VII) REFLECTION AND ABSORPTION CONSIDERATIONS ........... 4-30
A) ATMOSPHERIC LAYERS ........... ............................. 4-31
B)UNEVEN TERRAIN .................................. .......... 4-31
C)TALL MAN-MADE OBJECTS ..... ................................. 4-32
VIII) STATISTICAL AVERAGING SYSTEMS ..................... 4-33
A) SOURCE OF ERROR READINGS ................................. 4-33
B)WEIGHTING FACTORS........ .................................. 4-34
C)ERROR PROBABILITY VALUES..................................... 4-35
D)MILITARY COMPUTER RDF SYSTEMS............................... 4-37
E) FUNDAMENTAL USE OF AVERAGING......................... .... 4-38
IX) COMPUTER ASSISTED RECKONING SYSTEMS ................. 4-40
A) COMPUTER SYSTEMS IN NAVIGATION AND TELEMETRY ............... 4-41
B)SPACE-BASED TRACKING SYSTEMS................................ .4-42
REFERENCES:................................ ...................4-43
5. DEAD RECKONING SYSTEMS.................................. .. 5-1
I) VISUAL DEAD RECKONING AND SMART CRUISE MISSILES....... 5-3
A) VISUAL RECOGNITION FEATURES ... ........................... 5-4
B)TERRAIN COMPARISON FEATURES ............................... 5-5
C)COURSE CHANGING FEATURE........ ............................. 5-5
II) LORAN-C RADIONAVIGATION ... .......................... 5-6
A) OVERVIEW OF THE SYSTEM......... ........................... 5-6
B)PRESENT USAGE ............... ................................5-7
C)LORAN SYSTEM REFINEMENTS......... ........................... 5-7
D) SYSTEM OPERATION............................. ............. 5-8
E) LORAN-C USED FOR REFERENCE AND OTHER PURPOSES. .... ............5-9
F) FUTURE PROSPECTS FOR LORAN-C .... .......................... 5-9
G) FAA USAGE OF THE SYSTEM .......... ......................... 5-10
III) OMEGA RADIONAVIGATION........... .................... 5-10
A) HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE...... ...............................5-10
B) OMEGA SYSTEM OVERVIEW....... ............................... 5-10
C)SIMILARITIES TO LORAN-C................ .................... 5-12
D) ACCURACY OF OMEGA.......................................... 5-12
IV) ACTIVE RADAR TRANSPONDERS......... ....................5-13
A) TRANSPONDERS VERSES REPEATERS ....... ....................... 5-13
B)DEAD RECKONING TRANSPONDERS........... ...................... 5-14
V) GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS) ... ................... 5-16
A) SYSTEM OVERVIEW................. .......................... 5-16
B)SPACE BASED SEGMENT...................... .................. 5-17
C)CONTROLSEGMENT.................... ......................... 5-18
D) END USER SEGMENT ........................................... 5-18
E) TWO LEVELS OF GPS ACCURACY................................. 5-19
F) STANDARD GPS RECEIVER PACKAGES............ ................ 5-19
1) SPS Commercial Circuit Board Assemblies........... ........ 5-20
2) SPS Land And Sea Portable (Hand Held) and Navigation Units 5-22
G)MILITARY USES OF GPS SYSTEMS................................. 5-26
VI) DIFFERENTIAL GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM..... ...........5-26
A) HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE................... ................. 5-26
B)DIFFERENTIALCORRECTION FACTOR................ .............. 5-27
C)MARITIME BEACON SIGNAL CHANGES................... ........... 5-28
D) DGPS RADIO BEACON SITES INCORPORATED INTO THE SYSTEM......... 5-29
E) DGPS VERIFIES SATELLITE INTEGRITY................ ........... 5-30
F)DGPS FOR USE IN AVIATION ................................... 5-31
G) AIRCRAFT LANDINGS WITHOUT HUMAN PARTICIPATION .. ............5-32
6. PERSONNEL TRACKING........................ ................ 6-1
I) PERSONAL EMERGENCY RESPONSE SYSTEMS...... . ............6-3
A) SYSTEM OVERVIEW ............... ........................... 6-3
B)SYSTEM MAKE UP............... ................................6-3
C)DIFFERENT TYPES OF SERVICE .. .............................. 6-4
D) THE HELP BUTTON........................ .................... 6-4
1) Using the help buttons in the bathtub.... ................. 6-5
2) System delays ........................ .....................6-5
E) COMPANIES SELLING THE SYSTEM .... ......................... 6-6
1) Response Centers ................ ......................... 6-6
2) Use By Security Personnel .......... ...................... 6-6
II) KIDNAPING RECOVERY SYSTEMS............ ............... 6-7
A) A NEW APPLICATION FOR AN OLD IDEA . ....................... 6-7
B)THE PORTABLE TRACKING SOLUTION .. ........................... 6-8
C)GS TACK TRACK-1 GKR SYSTEM............ ...................... 6-9
D) EXOTIC PETT TRACKING DEVICES .......... .................... 6-10
1) Subminiature Tracking Beacon...... ........................ 6-10
2) Rumored Secret Tracking Devices ........................... 6-13
E) SUBCUTANEOUS TRACKING IMPLANTS (IMPLANTEDUNDER THE SKIN) .. 6-15
1) First Patent To Reveal Implant Technology.. ............... 6-15
2) Proposed Advancements and Usages........... ............... 6-16
3) A Good Idea But Not Practical Yet ............ .............6-16
4) Introduction to the mysterious Sky-Eye chip .. ............ 6-17
5) The Digital Angel is born................................... 6-18
6) Digital Angel will work, but not as an implant ............ 6-20
III) OFFENDER MONITORING.............. ................... 6-21
A) SYSTEM OVERVIEW ................. ......................... 6-21
1) Tracking offenders released into society................... 6-21
2) An Electronic Solution ............. ...................... 6-21
B)RESTRAINING ORDERS AND ELECTRONIC MONITORING........ ......... 6-22
1) Effectiveness of Offender Monitoring...... .................6-23
2) Electronic Corral Systems............... .................. 6-24
3) Defensive Monitoring Systems ................. ........... .6-24
4) Monitoring and Reporting Centers ..... .....................6-24
C)RESTRICTED APPLICATIONS ............... .................... 6-25
D) POSSIBLE FUTURE STRATEGIES IN OFFENDER MONITORING... ....... 6-25
1) Subcutaneous ID Implants For Animals... ................... 6-25
2) System Make Up.................... .........................6-27
3) Implant Used To Monitor Offender................ ...........6-28
IV) WILDLIFE RESEARCH..................................... 6-28
A) IMPLANTS FOR USE IN IDENTIFYING LOST OR STOLEN ANIMALS...... 6-28
B)USE IN FISHERIES ..... ...................................... 6-29
C)USE ON THE CATTLE FARM................... ....................6-29
D)MONITORING AND TRACKING ENDANGERED SPECIES.... ...............6-29
E) OTHER DEVICES ALSO USED TO TRACK ANIMALS...................... 6-30
F) SATELLITE TRACKING COLLARS .......... ...................... 6-30
V) RESCUE BEACONS ................... .................... 6-31
A) DOWNED AIRCRAFT BEACONS ............... ................... 6-31
1) Military rescue beacons ............... ................... 6-31
2) AN/PRC-112 (military) ............. ....................... 6-32
3) AN/GPS-112 Search And Rescue Handheld Transceiver (Military)6-33
B)CIVILIAN SEARCH AND RESCUE BEACONS ... ...................... 6-36
1) ELT Beacons ..................... ......................... 6-36
2) Tracking and locating ELT Beacons ....... ................. 6-37
3) Emergency Position Indicating Radiobeacon System .... ..... 6-37
4) DGPS Beacons ..................... ........................ 6-39
IV) CELLULAR EMERGENCY SYSTEM (911) ..................... 6-40
A) BASIC CELLULAR SYSTEM ................................ ..... 6-40
1) MTSO....................................................... 6-40
2) Many Cellular Channels ............ ....................... 6-41
2) Cellular Channel Hand Off... .............................. 6-42
B)MOBILE ORIGINATED CALLS........... .......................... 6-43
C)LAND LINE ORIGINATED CALLS .......... ....................... 6-44
D) ROAMING ...................... ............................ 6-45
1) Placing calls while roaming........ ....................... 6-45
2) Having callers reach you while you are roaming ........ ....6-45
3) Automatic Call Delivery............ ....................... 6-46
E)MAIN SWITCHING COMPONENT............................. .........6-46
1) Theoretically Tracking and Locating a 911 Cellular Call ....6-47
F) U.S. GOVERNMENT MANDATES THE TRACKING OF CELLULAR PHONES.... 6-48
1) Federal Communication Commission Rules For The Industry.... 6-48
2) GPS Tracking of Cellular Phones Proposed. ................. 6-50
3) True Position_ Is Born.......... .......................... 6-51
4) Future of Cell Phone Tracking.............. ............... 6-52
7. TAGGED OBJECTS AND SUBSTANCES ............................. 7-1
I) MAIL SORTING CODES ............... .................... 7-3
A) SYSTEM OVERVIEW (POSTNET).................................. 7-3
C)SAMPLE ZIP CODE FIELD TYPES.................................. 7-4
II) THEFT CONTROL RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION SYSTEMS...7-6
A) SYSTEM OVERVIEW......................... .................. 7-6
1) Active Transponders. ..... .................................7-7
2) Passive Transponders ..................................... 7-7
3) Four Standards...... ...................................... 7-8
B)APPLICATIONS USING RFID ................................... 7-10
1) Aircraft identification ................................... 7-10
2) Railcar and shipping container identification ............. 7-10
3) Toll Road Control .... .................................... 7-11
4) Access Control ........ ................................... 7-12
5) Electronic Vehicle Keys ................................... 7-13
6) RFID Tag Sizes ............................................ 7-13
7) Vehicle Tags. ..............................................7-14
8) Credit Card Style Tags .................................... 7-15
C)ELECTRONIC ARTICLE SURVEILLANCE ............................ 7-16
1) System Overview ....... ................................... 7-16
2) Plastic Tags (Removable) .................................. 7-17
3) Label Tags (Proximity Deactivation) ....................... 7-19
4) Source Tagging ........................................... 7-20
5) Tag Detectors . ........................................... 7-21
6) Benefit Denial Tags ...................................... 7-22
D) INFORMATION TRACKING ...................................... 7-23
1) Next-Generation Tags (Smart Tags) ........................ 7-23
2) Personal Area Networks (Near-Field Intrabody Communication) 7-23
3) Applications using PAN . .................................. 7-24
III) BAR CODE SYSTEM...... ............................... 7-25
A) SYSTEM OVERVIEW.... ....................................... 7-25
1) Bar Code Symbols .. ....................................... 7-25
2) Bar Code Scanners.... ..................................... 7-26
B)BAR CODE SYMBOLOGIES... .................................... 7-28
C)BAR CODE STANDARDS....... .................................. 7-29
D) UPC, EAN, JAN, BOOKLAND, ISSN ............................. 7-31
E) CODE 39 ...................... ............................ 7-33
F) INTERLEAVE2 OF 5............... ........................... 7-34
G) CODE 128 ,CODE 93, AND OTHER CODES ........................ 7-35
1) Code 128............ .......................................7-35
2) Code 93 ............ .......................................7-35
3) Codabar & MSI-Plessey... .................................. 7-35
H) PRINTING BAR CODES .. ..................................... 7-36
IV) MAGNETIC STRIPE SYSTEMS ............................. 7-36
A) SYSTEM OVERVIEW........ ................................... 7-36
B)MAGNETIC STRIPE CARDS.. ..................................... 7-37
C)MAGNETIC STRIPE READERS. .................................... 7-39
D)MAGNETIC STRIPE STANDARDS AND ISO ......................... 7-40
E) ENVIRONMENT AND USAGE OF MAGSTRIPE. ....................... 7-40
F) SECURITY ISSUES OF MAGSTRIPE TECHNOLOGY ................... 7-41
V) NEGOTIABLES CONTROL ....................................... 7-42
A) U.S. CURRENCY . ........................................... 7-42
B)SECURITY FEATURES IN U.S. AND OTHER CURRENCY .................7-42
1) Security Thread...... ..................................... 7-43
2) Concentric Fine-Line Printing. ............................ 7-44
3) Watermark Portrait...... .................................. 7-44
4) Color Shifting Ink.. ...................................... 7-44
5) Microprinting ... ......................................... 7-45
6) Serial Numbers. ........................................... 7-45
7) U.S. Federal Reserve Seal... .............................. 7-45
V) MICROTAGGANTS AND EXPLOSIVES TRACKING................ ..7-46
A) SYSTEM OVERVIEW....... .................................... 7-46
B)APPLICATIONS FOR MICROTAGGANTS. .............................7-47
C)EXPLOSIVES TRACKING .... ................................... 7-48
VI) STRESS DETECTION TAGGING ......................... ... 7-48
A) SYSTEM OVERVIEW...... ..................................... 7-48
B)TAG TYPES ........ ......................................... 7-49
C)TRIP STEEL.... ..............................................7-50
8. VEHICULAR TRACKING..... ................................... 8-1
I) AUTOMOTIVE NAVIGATION.. ............................... 8-4
A) ON-BOARD NAVIGATION SYSTEMS ............................... 8-4
B)SYSTEM OVERVIEW......... ................................... 8-4
C)ETAK AND SKYMAP DATABASES .................................. 8-5
D) CARIN NAVIGATION SYSTEM .................................. 8-7
E) ONSTAR /GUIDESTAR ... ..................................... 8-8
F)OTHER COMPANIES OFFERING NAVIGATION............ ............ 8-9
II) VEHICULAR SECURITY AND RESCUE. ....................... 8-10
A) LOJACK STOLEN VEHICLE RECOVERY.. .......................... 8-10
1) Operating Principle ....................................... 8-12
2) Worldwide Application.. ................................... 8-12
B)PROACT SYSTEM STOLEN VEHICLE RECOVERY ..................... 8-13
1) Remote Command Transmitter (RCT) .......................... 8-14
2) PROACT Tracking Unit ............ ......................... 8-14
3) Mobile Tracking Receiver........... ....................... 8-15
C) OTHER GPS NAVIGATIONAND RESCUE UNITS. ..................... 8-16
1) ON Guard®.............. ................................... 8-16
2) TELEMATICS Systems.. ...................................... 8-16
3) MayDay System..... ........................................ 8-16
4) Alpine System ..... ....................................... 8-17
III) FLEET MANAGEMENT.. .................................. 8-18
A) CCS FVTS XI FLEET VEHICLE TRACKING SYSTEM.. ................ 8-18
1) Two Basic Fleet Vehicle Tracking System. .................. 8-18
2) Configuration One (PathMarker) ... ........................ 8-18
3) Configuration Two (SecurePath) . ...........................8-19
4) Configuration Three (Tacker) .... ..........................8-19
B)CCS FVTS MDT PORTABLE FLEET MANAGEMENT TRACKING UNIT ....... 8-20
C)TRIMBLE NAVIGATION SYSTEMS.. .................................8-20
1) CrossCheck .............. ................................. 8-21
2) Placer GPS 450/455...... .................................. 8-22
3) GPS/AVL Subsystem PSC-200 . ............................... 8-22
4) Galaxy Land or Marine...... ............................... 8-23
5) Galaxy Sentinel ... ....................................... 8-23
D) DINET INC. .......... ..................................... 8-24
1) Mobile Data Terminal. ..................................... 8-24
IV) SURVEILLANCE TRACKING. ............................... 8-25
A) COVERT TACKING ......... .................................. 8-25
B)BEACON TYPES.............. ..................................8-26
1) Simplex beacon........ .................................... 8-26
2) Dead reckoning beacons................ .................... 8-27
3) Interrogation Covert Tracking System... ................... 8-27
C)APPLICATIONS ON VEHICLES....... ............................ 8-28
1) Planting a beacon ........... ............................. 8-28
D) COVERT RF TRACKING BEACONS .... ........................... 8-29
1) Communications Control Systems ........................... 8-29
E) DIGITAL TRACKING SYSTEMS.......... ......................... 8-31
1) CCS Model CCTS-1300 Digital Tracking System . ..............8-31
F)COVERT GPS RELAY BEACONS .......... ............... .........8-33
1) Ovalsys Covert beacon system.... .......................... 8-33
2) Orion Systems— SKYTRACK...... ..............................8-35
G) DOPPLER DIRECTION FINDERS ..... ........................... 8-37
1) Orion Systems CANTRACK 4000R .. ............................8-37
2) Pegasus Technologies PT4000..... .......................... 8-38
3) Doppler Systems Series 5900 .... .......................... 8-39
4) Doppler Systems Series 6000 ..... ......................... 8-41
H)WATSON-WATT TYPE DIRECTION FINDERS ... ...................... 8-44
1) Theory of Operation..................... .................. 8-44
2) Direction Technologies Model DFR1000A. .................... 8-46
3) Direction Technologies Model DFR-2000 . ................... 8-46
4) Cubic Communications (Formerly OAR)...... ................. 8-48
5) Cubic Communication/OAR HH1307 Handheld Signal Locator . .. 8-49
6) The Cubic Communication Model 4600R .... .................. 8-50
7) The Cubic Communication Digital Receiver/Processor ....... 8-51
9. RADAR AND SONAR TRACKING SYSTEMS............. ............. 9-1
I) RADAR APPLICATIONS............... ..................... 9-3
A) HISTORY OF RADAR............. ............................. 9-3
B) HOW RADAR WORKS ............. ............................... 9-3
II) RADAR TYPES AND USES.......... ....................... 9-4
A) RADAR FREQUENCIES ................ ......................... 9-5
III) INSTANTANEOUS DIRECTION FINDING RADAR SIGNAL SOURCE. 9-6
A) THEORY AND PURPOSE OF FINDING THE SOURCE.. ................ .9-6
B)SPECIAL MICROWAVE RDF ANTENNAS ............. ................. 9-7
C)WIDE OPEN INSTANTANEOUS RADAR DIRECTION FINDING........ .....9-9
D)MULTIPLEFEED HORNS...................................... .. 9-11
E)MODERN RADAR RDF DESIGNS ........ ...........................9-12
IV) OTHER RADAR SIZES AND SHAPES ...... .................. 9-12
A) ULTRAWIDEBAND (UWB) IMPULSE RADAR... ...................... 9-12
B)UWB TRACKING LOCALIZERS .......... ......................... 9-14
C)POLICE RADARS ................... .......................... 9-15
D) RADAR MOTION DETECTORS ........... .......................... 9-15
E) AIRBORNE COMBAT RADAR ....... ............................. 9-16
F) SIDEWAYS LOOKING AIRBORNE RADAR (SLAR) ................... 9-18
G) LONG RANGE RADAR AND DISPLAY SYSTEMS. ..................... 9-19
H) APPROACH CONTROL RADAR............ ........................ 9-21
I)DOPPLER TYPE METROLOGICAL RADARS...... ..................... 9-23
J) ADVANCED WARNING AND COUNTER SURVEILLANCE RADAR (AWACS) ..... 9-25
K) PAVEPAWS LONG RANGE SURVEILLANCE RADAR .. .......... .......9-28
V) PARAMETRIC RADAR TRANSPONDERS........... .............. 9-29
A) PASSIVE RADAR TAGS AND SECRECY .... ........................9-29
B) INTRODUCTION TO FAR FIELD RFID.... ......................... 9-30
1) Active vs Passive Tags..................................... 9-30
2) Energy Conversion in Passive Transponders.. ............... 9-32
3) The Radar Equation .... ................................... 9-35
VI) INSECT TRACKING USING PARAMETRIC RADAR REFLECTORS ....9-39
VII) SONAR APPLICATIONS........... ....................... 9-40
A) OPERATING PRINCIPLES .. .................................... 9-40
B)SONAR USES.............. ................................... 9-40
C)ACTIVE SONAR........ .........................................9-41
D) PASSIVE SONAR.......... ................................... 9-42
E) PASSIVE TOWED ARRAYS.... .................................. 9-44
F) SONAR PHOTOGRAPHY ..... ................................... 9-44
REFERENCES:.............. .....................................9-46
10. OPTICAL AND BIOMETRIC SYSTEMS ............................ 10-1
I) FACIAL RECOGNITION....... ............................. 10-3
A) MIROS (TRUEFACE) ..... .................................... 10-3
B)VISONICS (FACEIT)....... ................................... 10-4
C)NEURODYNAMICS (NVISAGE). ....................................10-5
D) ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF FACIAL RECOGNITION .. ...... 10-6
II) HAND GEOMETRY ................... .................... 10-7
A) RECOGNITION SYSTEM (HANDKEY II) ... ....................... 10-8
B)NETWORKING SOFTWARE FOR THE HANDKEY II. .................... 10-10
III) IRIS RECOGNITION..................................... 10-10
A) IRIS RECOGNITION TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW . .................... 10-10
B)SENSAR IRIS RECOGNITION FOR ATMS . .......................... 10-11
C) IRISCAN SYSTEM 2100.............. .......................... 10-12
D) IRISCAN PCIRIS ................ ........................... 10-14
IV) RETINAL SCAN ............... ..........................10-15
A) EYEDENTIFY................. ............................... 10-15
V) FINGERPRINT RECOGNITION......... ...........................10-17
A) OPTICAL FINGERPRINT SCANNERS ........ ......................10-18
1) Economic Scanner Subassemblies.......... ...................10-18
2) Fingerprint Scanner Accessories for Computer Security . ... 10-20
3) Access Control Using Fingerprint Recognition . ............ 10-21
B)CAPACITIVE FINGERPRINT READERS ............ .................10-23
VI) DNA IDENTIFICATION.................................... 10-25
A) DNA EXPLAINED IN LAYMEN TERMS ........... .................. 10-25
B)FOUR ATTRIBUTING DNA COMPONENTS ..... ....................... 10-25
C)LOCUS, LOCI, AND ALLELE........... ......................... 10-26
D) FORENSIC DNA TESTING ........... .......................... 10-27
E) RFLP ANALYSIS.................. ........................... 10-27
F)PCR TEST EXPLAINED ....... ..................................10-29
G) DQ ALPHA (DQA1) .......... .................................10-30
H) THE DOT BLOT AND GENOTYPING ...... ..........................10-30
I) PORTABLE DNA ANALYSIS INSTRUMENT. .......................... 10-31
REFERENCE FOR SECTION VI: ......... ...........................10-32
11. CHEMICAL TRACKING.............. .......................... 11-1
I) TRACKING DYES AND PAINTS ....... ...................... 11-3
A) FLORESCENT DYES,AND PAINTS....... ......................... 11-3
B)FLUORESCENTTRACKING POWDER....... .......................... 11-4
1) Tracking Dyes ............... ..............................11-4
2) Invisible Fluorescent Crayons .............................11-5
3) Invisible Florescent Lacquer.. .............................11-5
4) Invisible Fluorescent Ink......... ........................ 11-5
C)COLOR CHANGING TRACKING POWDER..... ........................ 11-6
II) INFRARED TRACKING TAGS.......... .....................11-6
A) INFRARED SIGNATURE FREQUENCIES. ........................... 11-7
1) Holographic Tags That Use Chemicals. ...................... 11-7
2) Active Infrared Tracking Tags .... ........................ 11-8
III) LATENT PRINT RECOVERY ......... ..................... 11-12
A) FINGER PRINTS AND IDENTIFICATION.... ...................... 11-12
B)NINHYDRIN SOLUTIONS................ ..........................11-13
C)PROCESSING WITH NINHYDRIN ......... ..........................11-14
1) Dipping Documents....................... .................. 11-14
2) Precautions In Using Ninhydrin....... ......................11-15
D) DFO (1,8-DIAZAFLUOREN-9-ONE)........ .......................11-16
E) PHYSICAL DEVELOPER SET............... ..................... 11-17
F) SPRINT - FLUORESCENT SMALL PARTICLE REAGENT . ...............11-18
1) Formula 1.......................... ....................... 11-19
2) Formula 2...................... ........................... 11-19
G) ARDOX FLUORESCENT DYE SPRAY...... ...........................11-19
H) CYANOCRYALATE FUMING .......... ........................... 11-20
1) Heat Based Fuming Method........ .......................... 11-20
2) Vacuum Chamber Method of Fuming. .......................... 11-21
I) FORENSIC LIGHT SOURCE EXAMINATION OF LATENT FINGERPRINT.. 11-21
IV) BLOODHOUNDS AND SCENT TRACKING ........ .............. 11-24
A) SCENTS AND PHEROMONES................ ..................... 11-24
B)HISTORICAL BACKGROUND......... .............................. 11-24
C)TACKING AND TRAILING ........... ........................... 11-25
1) Air scenting ............... .............................. 11-25
2) Negative trails ............. ............................. 11-25
3) Scent material............. ............................... 11-26
4) Visual tracking ............... ........................... 11-26
5) Cadaver (body/decomp) searches . ...........................11-26
6) Water searches ................... ........................ 11-26
7) Bloodhound evidence in the US............. ................ 11-27
V) SPY DUST, SMART DUST, AND MOLECULAR CODING. ........... 11-27
A) USE OF SPY DUST BY KGB........... ......................... 11-27
B)ALDRICH AMES ESPIONAGE CASE......... ...................... 11-28
C)HOW SPY DUSTWORKS..................... ..................... 11-28
D) SPECIFIC INFORMATION ON SPY DUST ..... .................... 11-29
E) SMART DUST............................. ................... 11-31
F)MOLECULAR BAR CODING.................... .................... 11-32
G) REMOTE IDENTIFICATION OF CODED MOLECULAR STRUCTURES.. ...... 11-33
1)Remote Polymer Identifier System .............. .............11-33
H) NANOCLUSTER TAGGING...................... ................. 11-34
VI) NARCOTICS AND EXPLOSIVES DETECTION........ ........... 11-35
A) OVERVIEW .................................................. 11-35
B)PARTICLE DETECTION .................... .................... 11-36
C)VAPOR DETECTION......................... .................... 11-38
VII) RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL DETECTION AND TRACKING.... ..... 11-39
A) EXPLORANIUM ................... ........................... 11-39
1) GR-320 enviSpec Gamma Ray Spectrometer ................... 11-39
2) GR-110 Radiation Detector ................................. 11-40
3)GPS assisted Gamma Ray Spectrometer Detector and Tracker.... 11-41
4) GR-660 Carborne System................. ....................11-42
REFERENCES:.............................. .....................11-43
12. SATELLITE SYSTEMS.......................... .............. 12-1
I) SATELLITES, SPACE STATIONS AND SPY MOVIES.... ..........12-3
A) OVERVIEW .......................... ....................... 12-3
B)DEFINITIONS OF THE GRID SYSTEM ...... ...................... 12-4
1) Grid Reference System .................... ................ 12-4
2) The Grid East and North Designation. ........ ..............12-5
3) Grid Zone Designations Military Grid Reference System .. .. 12-6
4) The Military Grid Reference ............ ...................12-6
C)MGRS APPLICATION....................... .................... 12-8
D) SPOT IMAGE GRID REFERENCE SYSTEM ..... .................... 12-8
E) THEUTM GRID SYSTEM .............. ......................... 12-10
II) ORBITAL ELEMENTS (NOMENCLATURE).. .................... 12-16
A) DEFINITIONS: .................. ............................12-16
III) ORBIT TYPES ................ .........................12-22
A) GEOSYNCHRONOUS ORBIT ........ ..............................12-24
B)MOLNIYA ORBIT................. ............................. 12-26
C)POLARORBITS.................. ...............................12-26
D) SUN-SYNCHRONOUSORBITS.......... ........................... 12-27
IV) GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITES ...... ...................... 12-29
A) GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITE DRIFT.... .......................... 12-30
B)LOW EARTHORBITS................. ........................... 12-31
V) SATELLITE TYPES (CIVILIAN USE) .. ..................... 12-32
A) SATELLITE USES................... ......................... 12-32
1) European Remote Sensing........... ........................ 12-33
2) Television Infrared Operational System........... ......... 12-33
3) Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite.. ....... 12-34
4) GOES 7 .................... ................................12-34
5) GOES 8 and 9..................... ......................... 12-35
6) Land Remote Sensing Satellite : ...... .....................12-37
7) Spot Image Satellite....................... ..... ..........12-37
VI) SPY SATELLITES (RECONNAISSANCE SATELLITES) .......... 12-38
A) REMOTE SENSING............................................ 12-39
B)REAL TIMEVIDEO IMAGE RECONNAISSANCE................. ....... 12-40
C)SATELLITE DATA SYSTEM (SDS) SATELLITES... ................... 12-41
D) TRACKING AND DATA RELAY SATELLITE SYSTEM ....... ..............12-43
E) BIG BIRD (KH-9B) ........ ................................. 12-44
1) De-Orbiting Film Capsules..... .............................12-47
E) IMPROVED CRYSTAL (KH-11B)..... .............................12-47
1) Confusion Over Nomenclature... ............................ 12-48
2) Crystal Imaging Swath........ ..............................12-51
F)LACROSSE /ONYX .............. .............................. 12-53
1) Synthetic Aperture Radar . ................................ 12-54
2) Imaging Through Backscatter. ...............................12-55
VII) SATELLITE STATION KEEPING .. ......................... 12-56
VIII) GROUND BASED TRACKING ............ ................. 12-57
A) SPACE FLIGHT TRACKING AND DATA NETWORK .................... 12-57
B)SATELLITE COMMUNICATION ANTENNAS .. ........................ 12-58
1) Military Tracking controllers .. .......................... 12-61
2) AGC (Automatic Gain Controlled).... ....................... 12-62
3) Ephemeris-controlled ............ ...... .................. 12-63
IX) SATELLITES FOR THE GPS SYSTEM.... .................... 12-63
REFERENCE: ....................... ............................12-68
THE CCS SECURITY SOURCE LIBRARY™
A TWELVE VOLUME SECURITY LIBRARY
VOL. 1 COVERT AUDIO INTERCEPTION
VOL. 2 ELECTRONIC SURVEILLANCE COUNTER–MEASURES
VOL. 3 ELECTRO-OPTICAL SURVEILLANCE
VOL. 4 VIDEO/PHOTO/OPTICAL SYSTEMS
VOL. 5 RADIO COMMUNICATIONS
VOL. 6 AUDIO SURVEILLANCE
VOL. 7 EXPLOSIVE & CONTRABAND DETECTION
VOL. 8 ARMOR
VOL. 9 VOICE STRESS ANALYSIS
VOL. 10 TRACKING & LOCATING SYSTEMS (this volume)
VOL. 11 PERSONAL PROTECTION
VOL. 12 RIOT CONTROL
VOL. 1 COVERT AUDIO INTERCEPTION
VOL. 2 ELECTRONIC SURVEILLANCE COUNTER–MEASURES
VOL. 3 ELECTRO-OPTICAL SURVEILLANCE
VOL. 4 VIDEO/PHOTO/OPTICAL SYSTEMS
VOL. 5 RADIO COMMUNICATIONS
VOL. 6 AUDIO SURVEILLANCE
VOL. 7 EXPLOSIVE & CONTRABAND DETECTION
VOL. 8 ARMOR
VOL. 9 VOICE STRESS ANALYSIS
VOL. 12 RIOT CONTROL